Snow and ice removal system



July 15, 1969 E. E. ROBERTS 3,455,041

SNOW AND ICE REMOVAL SYSTEM Filed Aug. 6, 1965 3 Sheets-Sheet 1v v Ffm buren for. 155er E. Rosa-W5 July 15, 1969 E. E. ROBERTS 3,455,041

SNOW AND ICE REMOVAL SYSTEM Filed Aug. e, 1965 s sheets-shed 2` July 15, 1969 E. E. ROBERTS 3,455,041

SNOW AND ICE REMOVAL SYSTEM Filed Aug. 6. 1965 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 United States Patent Olhce 3,455,041 Patented July l5, 1969 3,455,041 SNOW AND ICE REMOVAL SYSTEM Elbert E. Roberts, Dearborn, Mich., assigner to Gloria E. Smith and Ralph G. Smith, Whitemore Lake, Mich. Filed Aug. 6, 1965, Ser. No. 477,806 Int. Cl. E02f 1/00; E01h 5/10 U.S. Cl. 37-195 6 Claims ABSTRACT F THE DISCLOSURE The present invention relates generally to a system for removing frozen moisture, such as snow, slush, and ice, from a paved surface. More particularly, this invention relates to a highly mobile and versatile method of and apparatus for providing an essentially moisture-free road surface and the like by using a trailer-carried oven for generating intense heat to progressively melt and vaporize the ice and snow and by wiping the heated surface free of trahie-endangering residual water.

Prior commercial systems for removing frozen moisture such as snow from roadways and the like have included: (1) distribution of salt upon the roadways; (2) plowing snow to the sides of the roadway; (3) loading and hauling the snow to some suitable dump location; and (4) elevating the snow by a conveyor into a hopper where it is subsequently melted and redeposited upon the roadway.

Each of the above-identified prior art removal systems have one or more seriously objectionable features.

Use of salt is expensive, slow to eliminate frozen moisture, detrimental to automobiles and concrete, and irnpairs driver visibility. More specifically, salt placed upon the roadway is slow to melt and react with the frozen moisture to form salt water (which has a lower freezing point), particularly at temperatures well below freezing. Additionally, salt is highly corrosive to automobiles, markedly reducing their expected useful life. Moreover, once the salt water has formed, it readily runs from the roadway into gutters, storm drains and the like, the storm drains emptying into rivers and streams polluting the same. This drainage action frequently necessitates application of more salt to the pavement. Furthermore, the salt water forms a thin lm upon the roadway surface which is sprayed by one Vehicle upon the windshield of the next vehicle, thereby impairing driver visibility, especially when the salt water subsequently dries leaving a residual coating of salt upon the windshield.

Plowing of snow to the sides of the roadway is `ineffectual to provide a relatively dry surface, in the absence of favorably warm, sunny weather. Also, surface-ice almost completely resists action of the plow blade. Not only is a residual layer of snow and/ or ice left upon the roadway following such plowing, but the abrasive effect of the plow blade action upon the roadway surface is detrimental.

The loading and hauling of snow suffers from the disadvantages enumerated in the foregoing paragraph. Furthermore, the financial investment in loading and hauling equipment required to pursue this system is phenomenally high, often prohibitive.

Prior art systems for elevating to and subsequently melting snow in a hopper are expensive, slow, and cumbersome. Practically no vaporization takes place, and, thus, nearly all the snow, once melted, must be drained as water upon the roadway thereby creating puddles and a sur- .face film of water which will later freeze into ice, creating a potential trac hazard.

While use of heat to melt and vaporize a covering of snow and ice upon the roadway has been suggested, prior to this invention no such commercially practicable system has been developed.

In view of the foregoing, it would be a valuable contribution to the snow, slush, and ice removal art to provide a system which is economically competitive with or superior to prior art systems; which is highly mobile and versatile; and which rapidly melts and vaporizes frozen moisture whether in the form of patches or a continuous covering, as the removal apparatus is progressively displaced at a relatively fast speed along the roadway; and leaves a relatively moisture-free surface by wiping residual surface water from the path of the apparatus. The present invention provides such a desirable system.

In the presently preferred embodiment of this invention, a tire-mounted trailer carrying a high temperature capacity oven is pulled progressively at a selected, relatively fast speed by a suitable motor vehicle, such as a truck, a tractor or the like, along the paved surface to be cleaned of ice and snow. An angle blade at the front of the trailer is situated slightly above the paved surface and functions to grade all but a thin layer of snow to one side of the trailer. The high temperature oven is open at the bottom, insulated from the frame of the trailer and equipped with a series of selectively controlled hydrocarbon atomizer burners. Exposure of the thin layer of frozen moisture to the intense heat generated by the oven almost instantaneously melts the snow to water and quickly vaporizes a substantial portion of the water. Any residual water is rubbed across the surface to one side of the oven-trailer by an elastomeric squeegee blade carried at the rear of the trailer. Thus, the surface over which the trailer quickly passes is left substantially free of traicendangering moisture.

When only portions of the paved surface are occupied by patches of ice, the oven-trailer may be novelly and rapidly pulled along the roadway at normal highway cruising speeds between the ice patches, and, thereafter, operated as above-described when ice is encountered.

In View of the foregoing, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a novel system, including method and apparatus, for removing frozen moisture from paved surfaces and the like.

Another important object of this invention is the provision of a novel oven-trailer possessing unique mobility and versatility to rapidly remove frozen surface moisture from roadways and the like.

A further significant object of this invention is the provision of a unique method of cleaning the frozen moisture from a travel surface wherein the frozen moisture is melted and vaporized following which residual surface water is wiped from the surface.

An additional significant object of this invention is the provision of a novel squeegee blade assembly which readily conforms to the contour of a paved surface, even when undulating or irregular, to wipe standing water from the surface.

These and other objects and features of this invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIGURE 1 is a schematic side elevational view of the presently preferred oven-trailer embodiment of this invention;

FIGURE 2 is a schematic bottom plan view of the oven-trailer of FIGURE 1 taken along line 2 2 of FIG- URE l;

FIGURE 3 is a schematic enlarged transverse crosssectional view taken along line 3 3 of FIGURE 1;

FIGURE 4 is a fragmentary and enlarged schematic side elevational view of the front end of the oven-trailer of FIGURE l;

FIGURE 5 is a fragmentary enlarged schematic crosssectional view taken along 5-5 of FIGURE 3;

FIGURE 6 is a fragmentary enlarged schematic side elevational view of the back end of the oven-trailer of FIGURE 1; and

FIGURE 7 is an exploded schematic perspective of one preferred wiper blade assembly used to free the surface of standing water.

Particular reference is now made to the drawings wherein like numerals are used to designate like parts throughout. Broadly, with reference to FIGURE 1, the present invention comprises an oven-trailer, generally designated 10, adapted to be hitched through a tongue 12 at a fifth wheel 14 to a conventional truck or tractor, generally designated 16. Any type of tractor and hitch may be used. Thus, for example, the truck 16 may be a dump truck suitably coupled to the oven-trailer 10, for example, by a ball and socket hitch.

The oven-trailer is carried upon ground-engaging tires 18, the trailer accommodating high speed operation and possessing unique mobility and versatility characteristics, as will subsequently become more fully apparent.

The oven-trailer 10, during operation, may be continuously displaced at relatively fast speeds across a travel surface 17 to remove a coextentive covering of snow, lee, or slush. The present invention is equally serviceable for removal of patches of snow and ice, being susceptible to rapid transport between such patches. The oven-trailer 10 may also 'be operated at high speeds during periods of snowfall to keep the pavement relatively dry thereby making vehicle travel over the pavement significantly safer.

While the following detailed description is directed prirnarily toward the use of the present invention to free paved roadway surfaces of frozen moisture, it is to be appreciated that the oven-trailer 10 may similarly be effective in removing frozen moisture from airport runways, parking lots andthe like.

A significant advantage of the present invention lies in the fact that the oven-trailer 10 is motorless. That is, it is designed to be quickly hitched to and propelled by another motor vehicle. Thus, snow removal expense is reduced as existing highway trucks and tractors may be utilized to pull oven-trailers of the type herein disclosed.

More specilically, the oven-trailer 10 comprises a frame, generally designated 20. The frame 20 includes a plate steel top 22, plate steel sides 24, a plate steel front 26 and a plate steel back 28, the plate steel members being suitably secured together by welding or the like and appropriately reinforced (not shown) vto define a bottomless, substantially rectangular enclosure.

A front snow blade 30, of conventional type, is mounted at the front 26 of the oven-trailer 10 in a suitable manner.

The snow blade mounting is schematically illustrated (see FIGURE 2) as comprising an arcuate plate 32 which is rigdily secured to the front frame plate 26, for example by Welding, and which has a plurality of apertures 34 to 'accommodate various angular positions of the blade 30. An arm 36 is pivotably secured at a retaining pin 38 to the arcuate plate 32, the arm 36 having a pin-receiving aperture 40 which may lbe positioned in alignment with any one of the several plate apertures 34 to selectively angularly position the snow blade 30 with respect to the longitudinal axis of the oven trailer 10. Thereafter a pin is placed through the two aligned apertures to retain the selected angular blade position. Alternatively, hydraulic swing cylinders (not shown) could be utilized to set the angular position of the blade 30` and one or more hydraulic cylinders could also be utilized to vary the height of the blade 30 above the roadway surface, if desired, in a manner well known in the excavation art.

Preferably, the cutting edge 42 of the snow blade 30 is disposed on the order of one inch or less above the surface of the pavement during operation of the oventrailer. In this way, any accumulation of snow beyond merely a thin layer will be displaced to one side of the trailer. This is important since snow is self-insulating and thus, it is extremely diicult to rapidly melt and vaporize substantial thick accumulation of snow.

However, preferably, the trailer oven 10 is placed in service for the purpose of snow removal when snowfall commences and Ibefore any substantial thickness of snow has accumulated upon the paved surface 17.

As best illustrated in FIGURE 3, the trailer frame, comprising plates 22 through 28 are each insulated by an appropriate thickness of suitable insulating material 50. Preferably, the insulating material, 50, which internally lines the frame 20, is light-weight, though highly insulative. Sheet asbestos is preferred. Nevertheless, preformed or poured-in-place refractory material could also be utilized, if desired, to withstand the high temperatures to which the trailer-oven is subjected. Suitable fastening or bonding means (not shown) are used to secure the several layers of insulation S0 to the adjacent frame member. While the oven enclosure 52, formed by the insulation 50, it is depicted as being rectangular, it may be contoured or shaped to provide whatever heat characteristics are desired.

As is evident from the figures, the oven enclosure 52 is bottomless, i.e., the paved surface 17 constitutes the bottom of the oven 52, fully exposing any covering frozen moisture to the heat environment of the oven.

Preferably, the oven enclosure 52 accommodates temperatures at the paved surface 17 on the order of 1000" F. This heat is generated by a series of pressure atomizing hydrocarbon burners 56 which are serially aligned along the length of the oven-trailer 10 in two spaced rows.

A suitable and a presently preferred burner is the PKD pressure atomizing burner manufactured by the `Ray Burner Company of San Francisco, Calif. Characteristically, the PKD burner is designed to use light fuel oils at each burner and contains its own compressor for furnishing high pressure air for natural, induced draft producing a jet stream of air and fuel. Moreover, each burner has a gear-type high-speed fuel pump, electronic controls, and is equipped with a fast-responsive solenoid oil shutoff valve.

Each burner S6 is flange mounted at 58 to the top steel plate 22, as is readily apparent from inspection of FIGURES 1, 3 and 5. Furthermore, each burner 56 is pivotally connected at short pins 60 to the flange 58 to accommodate v-ariation in the angular position of each burner with respect to the essentially-horizontally extending paved surface 17. A bellows of reinforced asbestos (not shown) or other suitable insulation material may be disposed between the barrel of each burner 66 and the flange 58 to prohibit escape therebetween of hot air contained within the open enclosure 52.

The eluent nozzle end 62 of each burner 56 is disposed within an elongated recess 64, in the top sheet of insulation material 50, the recess accommodating the previously-mentioned variation in the angular position of each burner. Thus, by varying the angle of the burner, the force of the jet flame issuing therefrom can be directed acutely away from the paved surface 17 to prevent over heating of the paved surface, or, alternatively, directed essentially perpendicularly against the paved surface 17 when extremely intense heat is required to melt and vaporize tenacious snow and ice.

While light fuel oil is the preferred fuel, it is to be yappreciated that propane or like gas as well as gas burners may also be suitably utilized without departing from the nature of the present invention.

Referring again to FIGURE 1, the series of spaced, aligned burners 56 are serviced by a fuel system which comprises a burner fuel tank 68 of suitable capacity and a fuel line conduit system 70, a master valve 72 lbeing interposed in the line between the tank and the burners. The fuel system per se does not require a fuel pump as each preferred burner 56 is equipped with an individual fuel pump as previously stated.

The series of burners 56 is also serviced by an electrical system which includes a motor-driven generator 74. The motor (not shown) of the generator 74 may be of any suitable construction, for example a gasoline engine.

One suitable motor and generator combination which may be used with the present invention is the model 15 R series manufactured by the Kohler Company, Kohler, Wise. The generator 74 is electrically connected to each individual burner 56 and serves to (1) operate the fuel pump thereof, (2) ignite the fuel at the burner nozzle, and (3) operate the air compressor for yatomizing the fuel with a suitable quantity of air.

The upper exposed ends of the burners 56, the tank 68, and the generator 74 (along with the generator motor, not shown) are preferably enclosed from the weather. In the embodiment depicted in the figures, the trailer cab enclosure 7S comprises a top 76, sides 78, a front 80, and a back 82 suitably fastened together forming a suitable trailer cab. An appropriate access opening such as the door (not shown) is also provided to accommodate inspection, adjustment, and, if desired, operation of the enclosed components.

Where automatic generator, fuel and burner controls are disposed Within the cab of the truck or tractor 16, one man, the driver of the tractor, may operate the tractortrailer combination. Alternatively, an extra man, in addition to the driver of the truck 16, may occupy the trailer cab 75 to supervise the operation of the burners, the fuel system, and the electrical system.

The distance identified by the dimensional arrows 86 (between the lowest level of the trailer frame 20 and the paved surface of the roadway 17) is preferably on the order of approximately 8 inches. In order to appropriately retain heat generated by the burners 56 during operation, the distance 86 is spanned by depending side flaps 88 (FIGURE 3), a depending front flap 90 at the front (FIG. URE 4), and a depending back flap 92. The flaps 88, 90, and 92 thus substantially enclose the oven 82 at space 86 accommodating a small amount of heat egress as additional combustion air enters the oven chamber 52 through operation of the burners 5 6.

Preferably, the aps -88 are formed of wire-reinforced asbestos or the equivalent and are riveted or otherwise secured to the frame 20. Thus, the aps 88, 90, and 92 heat insulate the lower portion of the oven space S2, exclude wind and air thrust (caused by movement of the oven-trailer 10) and prevent heat breakdown of the trailer tires 18.

Reference is now made to FIGURES 1, 2 and 6 which depict a squeegee blade assembly, generally designated 100, which assembly is carried at the back end of the oven-trailer 10. As illustrated in FIGURE 2, the squeegee blade assembly is mounted for selective angular positioning in a manner identical to the way in which the previously described snow blade 30 is mounted to the trailer frame 22. Such mounting being previously described and numbered to correspond with the snow blade mounting structure, no further description of the mounting structure for the squeegee blade assembly 100 is deemed necessary. However, if desired, the assembly 100 may be hydraulically actuated to both angle and elevate the same.

More specifically, with reference to FIGURE 6, the squeegee blade assembly 100 comprises a squeegee blade 102 fabricated of suitable elastomeric material, such as neoprene. The assembly 100 also comprises front and back mounting plates 104 and 106 which are united one to the other by bolt assemblies 108 to suitably retain the block 102 as depicted in FIGURE 6. The front plate 104 is integral with the previously-described frame mounting arm 36, for example by welding.

Thus, the lower edge 110 of the squeegee lblade 102 is compressively urged against the paved surface. Hence, as the oven-trailer is propelled forward, the edge 110 is frictionally displaced along the surface 17 to wipe any residual standing water not vaporized by the heat in the oven chamber 52 out of the path and to one side of the oven-trailer 10.

While the included figures and the previous description are directed toward utilization of a single trailer, it is to be appreciated that, if desired, an auxiliary trailer could be used to carry the generator and/ or the fuel tank. One advantage of such an arrangement would be that one auxiliary fuel-tank trailer having a substantially empty fuel tank could be rapidly exchanged for another auxiliary trailer having a full fuel tank to facilitate continuous operation of the oven-trailer 10. Moreover, a series or train of two or more trailers, each of the type previously described, could be utilized, for example, to remove an exceptionally heavy cover of ice, from the paved surface When a coating of ice and/or snow coextensive with the surface 17 is encountered, the previously-described oven-trailer 10 is operated as follows. The tire-mounted oven-trailer 10 is displaced at a relatively fast rate of speed, often on the order of 8 to l0 miles per hour, along the roadway. The burners 56 are ignited and operated at a desired angle with respect to the roadway surface to generate and direct the heat requisite to rapidly melt and partially vaporize the ice and snow at the speeds mentioned. Temperatures on the order of and in excess of 1000 F. at the paved surface may be generated.

As the oven-trailer 10 is propelled by the tractor 16 the snow blade 30 displaces all snow projecting above the cutting edge 42 of the blade to one side of the trailer thereby restricting the quantity of snow over which the trailer is to pass to a relatively thin layer. In this way, the previously-mentioned self-insulating effect of the accumulated snow is overcome. The frozen moisture laying upon the roadway surface thus is almost instantaneously melted by the intense heat within the oven chamber 52 and a substantial portion of the moisture is quickly vaporized. Thus, under usual operating conditions, a small residue of water is left standing upon the surface 17. This residue of water is wiped to one side of the trailer thereby leaving the surface over which the trailer passes essentially free of traffic-endangering moisture. Hence, n a relatively short time, one or more high speed, versatile oventrailers 10 can be used to clear the roadway of frozen moisture.

Preferably, as soon as snowfall commences, operation of one or more of the oven-trailers 10, in the manner previously described, is promptly undertaken and is continued concurrent with the snowfall. Rapid operative speeds, often up to and in excess of 20 miles per hour,

may be used to keep the surface relatively free of snow accumulation and standing surface water under circumstances where the paved surface was relatively dry before snowfall commenced.

The versatility and mobility features of the present invention also accommodate rapid removal of patches of frozen moisture from a roadway.' The tractor-trailer combination previously described accommodates rapid transport movement, at normal highway cruising speeds, along dry sections of the pavement, where removal of frozen moisture is not necessary. When a patch of ice or the like is being approached, the speed of the tractor-trailer combination is reduced an appropriate amount, the generator 74 and the burners 56 are actuated to heat the oven chamber 52 to the temperature desired. Thereafter, the patch of frozen surface moisture is progressively subjected to the heat within the oven 52 as the trailer 10 is displaced over the patch of ice at a fairly rapid speed, governed by the nature of the patch. In this way, hazardous patches of ice are melted and partially vaporized, the squeegee blade 102 wiping residual water across the path of the trailer to one side thereof, leaving the surface relatively dry. Once the oven-trailer is again on dry pavement, the tractor-trailer combination may be accelerated to normal highway cruising speeds until further patches of snow and ice are encountered. In this way the extreme danger of occasional slick spots upon the roadway is rapidly eliminated.

Where a multilane highway is being cleared of frozen moisture or the like by the method described in the foregoing paragraphs, several oven-trailers may be utilized, for example, one in each lane serving traiiic moving in one direction, the oven-trailers being positioned in staggered offset relation with respect to each other. Residual standing water is pushed by each squeegee blade 102 to the low side of the land occupied by the associated oventrailer 10. Thus, when the series of oven-trailers have passed a given point on the roadway one entire side of the multilane roadway Will be relatively free of surface moisture, all residual water being wiped to the adjacent roadway shoulder by action of the several squeegee blades 102.

Reference is now made to FIGURE 7 which depicts a second presently preferred wiper blade assembly, gen-- erally designated 120, in exploded perspective. Structurally, the wiper blade assembly 120 serially comprises an elastomeric Is-shaped squeegee wiper blade 122, a somewhat flexible mounting plate 124, which is also L-shaped to lend support to the Wiper blade 122, a top plate 130, a plurality of dash pots 126 and coiled compression springs 128 interposed between the top plate 130, the L- shaped plate 124, and an L-shaped top bracket 132. The entire assembly 120 is assembled by a plurality of nut and bolt units as shown in FIGURE 7.

The support member 132 may be suitably secured to the back of the previously-described oven-trailer 10 as a substitute for the blade assembly 100 or to a motor vehicle Where independent use of the wiper blade assembly 120 is desired.

The wiper blade assembly 120 is such that the squeegee blade 122 is resiliently supported for frictional engagement with the paved surface, movement of the assembly 122 being from left to right as viewed in FIGURE 7. The compression springs 128 are selected to have a spring rate so that the desired magnitude of downward force is exerted to appropriately compressively urge the downwardly extending blade edge 134 into wiping engagement with the roadway surface. Furthermore, as the edge 134 wears with use, the compressive force exerted by the springs 128 automatically takes up for the wear thereby retaining the edge 134 in suitable frictional engagement with the paved surface. Moreover, the series of dash pots 126 and compression springs 128 accommodate relative positive and negative distortion of the squeegee blade to retain the full extent of the blade edge 134 in frictional contact with the pavement even when the pavement is undulating and irregular. Thus, puddles are not left standing on the roadway, the squeegee blade 122 displacing all standing surface water from the path of the oven-trailer 10.

This invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.

What is claimed and desired to be secured by United States Letters Patent is:

1. In a method of removing snow and ice from a paved surface, the steps of moving. an air chamber with a downwardly extending opening along the paved surface having a layer of ice or snow thereon, producing high intensity heat in said chamber and directing said heat downwardly against the paved surface as the chamber is moved along the paved surface to melt the ice and snow, wiping the paved surface immediately after exposure to the heat of said chamber to direct the meltedl ice and snow laterally of the direction of movement of the chamber along the paved surface, controlling the amount of heat and the speed of movement of the chamber such that the ice or snow is melted and the paved surface is heated so that the heat of the paved surface and atmospheric conditions leave the wiped surface essentially free of traffic-endangering moisture.

2. The method set forth in claim 1 including the Step of reducing the ice and snow to a thin lawer prior to heatmg.

3. In a method of removing snow and ice from a paved surface, the steps of moving an air chamber with a downwardly extending opening along the paved surface having a layer of ice or snow thereon, directing a plurality of ames downwardly within the chamber against the paved surface as the chamber is moved along the paved surface to melt the ice and snow, wiping the paved surface immediately after exposure to the heat of said chamber to direct the melted ice and snow laterally of the direction of movement of the chamber along the paved surface, and controlling the amount of heat and the speed of movement of the chamber such that ice or snow is melted and the paved surface is heated such that the paved surface retains sufficient heat so that the heat of the paved surface and atmospheric conditions leave theV surface essentially free of traffic-endangering moisture.

4. The method set forth in claim 3 including the step of reducing the ice and snow to a thin layer prior to heating. t

5. In a method of removing snow and ice from a paved surface, the steps of moving an air chamber with a downwardly extending opening along the paved surface having a layer of ice or snow thereon, producing high intensity heat in said chamber and directing said heat downwardly against the paved surface as hte chamber is moved along the paved surface to melt the ice and snow, removing the melted ice and snow from the paved surface immediately after exposure to the heat of the chamber, controlling the amount of heat and the speed of movement of the chamber such that ice or snow is melted and th paved surface is heated so that the heat of the paved surface and atmospheric conditions leave the surface essentially free of trahie-endangering moisture.

6. The method set forth in claim `5 including the steps of moving said air chamber along a dry section of a paved surface at normal highway cruising speeds by the use of a motor vehicle,

decelerating the speed of the chamber and initiating the high intensity heat as the chamber approaches a patch of surface-moisture,

and moving said chamber along said patch of surfacemoisture at a reduced rate suicient to melt the ice and snow and heat the paved surface so that the surface is left essentially free of trafic-endangering mois- 9 10 ture by the combined action of the heat of the paved 3,061,480 10/ 1962 Zink et al 134-6 surface and atmospheric conditions. 3,126,883 3/1964 Smith 126-3435 FOREIGN PATENTS eferences Cted 369,157 6/1963 switzerland.

UNITED STATES PATENTS 5 2 259 120 10/1941 s 37 12 ABRAHAM G. STONE, Primary Examiner 2261006 10/1941 s232223 3./ 12 A. E. KOPECKI, Assistant Examiner 2,312,851 3/1943 Seibert 37-12 U.S. C1. X.R.

2,706,863 4/1955 Jones 37-12 10 37--12 

